In my first article in this series, I explained how to use Python to create a simple, text-based dice game. You also used the Turtle module to generate some simple graphics. In this article, you start using a module called Pygame to create a game with graphics.
The Turtle module is included with Python by default. Anyone who's got Python installed also has Turtle. The same is not true for an advanced module like Pygame. Because it's a specialized code library, you must install Pygame yourself. Modern Python development uses the concept of virtual environments, which provides your Python code its own space to run in, and also helps manage which code libraries your application uses. This ensures that when you pass your Python application to another user to play, you know exactly what they need to install to make it work.
You can manage your Python virtual environment manually, or you can let your IDE help you. For now, you can let PyCharm do all the work. If you're not using PyCharm, read László Kiss Kollár's article about managing Python packages.
Getting started with Pygame
Pygame is a library, or Python module. It's a collection of common code that prevents you from having to reinvent the wheel with every new game you write. You've already used the Turtle module, and you can imagine how complex that could have been if you'd had to write the code to create a pen before drawing with it. Pygame offers similar advantages, but for video games.
A video game needs a setting, a world in which it takes place. In Pygame, there are two different ways to create your setting:
- Set a background color
- Set a background image
Either way, your background is only an image or a color. Your video game characters can't interact with things in the background, so don't put anything too important back there. It's just set dressing.
Setting up your first Pygame script
To start a new Python project, you would normally create a new folder on your computer and place all your game files go into this directory. It's vitally important that you keep all the files needed to run your game inside of your project folder.
PyCharm (or whatever IDE you use) can do this for you.
To create a new project in PyCharm, navigate to the File menu and select New Project. In the window that appears, enter a name for your project (such as game_001.) Notice that this project is saved into a special PycharmProjects folder in your home directory. This ensures that all the files your game needs stays in one place.
When creating a new project, let PyCharm create a new environment using Virtualenv, and accept all defaults. Enable the option to create a main.py file (and to set up some important defaults.)
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After you've clicked the Create button, a new project appears in your PyCharm window. The project consists of a virtual environment (the venv directory listed in the left column) and a demo file called main.py.
Delete all the contents of main.py so you can enter your own custom code. A Python script starts with the file type, your name, and the license you want to use. Use an open source license so your friends can improve your game and share their changes with you:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# by Seth Kenlon
## GPLv3
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
# License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.Then tell Python what modules you want to use. In this code sample, you don't have to type the # character or anything after it on each line. The # character in Python represents a comment, notes in code left for yourself and other coders.
import pygame # load pygame keywords
import sys # let python use your file system
import os # help python identify your OSNotice that PyCharm doesn't understand what Pygame is, and underlines it to mark it as an error. This is because Pygame, unlike sys and os, isn't included with Python by default. You need to include Pygame in your project directory before you can use it successfully in code. To include it, hover your mouse over the word pygame until you see a notification popup explaining the error.
Click the Install package pygame link in the alert box, and wait for PyCharm to install Pygame into your virtual environment.
Once it's installed, the error disappears.
Without an IDE like PyCharm, you can install Pygame into your virtual environment manually using the pip command.
Code sections
Because you'll be working a lot with this script file, it helps to make sections within the file so you know where to put stuff. You do this with block comments, which are comments that are visible only when looking at your source code. Create four blocks in your code. These are all comments that Python ignores, but they're good placeholders for you as you follow along with these lessons. I still use placeholders when I code, because it helps me organize and plan.
'''
Variables
'''
# put variables here
'''
Objects
'''
# put Python classes and functions here
'''
Setup
'''
# put run-once code here
'''
Main Loop
'''
# put game loop hereNext, set the window size for your game. Keep in mind that not everyone has a big computer screen, so it's best to use a screen size that fits on "most" people's computers.
There is a way to toggle full-screen mode, the way many modern video games do, but since you're just starting out, keep it simple and just set one size.
'''
Variables
'''
worldx = 960
worldy = 720The Pygame engine requires some basic setup before you can use it in a script. You must set the frame rate, start its internal clock, and start (using the keyword init, for initialize) Pygame.
Add these variables:
fps = 40 # frame rate
ani = 4 # animation cyclesAdd instructions to start Pygame's internal clock in the Setup section:
'''
Setup
'''
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
pygame.init()Now you can set your background.
Setting the background
Before you continue, open a graphics application and create a background for your game world. Save it as stage.png inside a folder called images in your project directory. If you need a starting point, you can download a set of Creative Commons backgrounds from kenny.nl.
There are several free graphic applications you can use to create, resize, or modify graphics for your games.
- Pinta is a basic, easy to learn paint application.
- Krita is a professional-level paint materials emulator that can be used to create beautiful images. If you're very interested in creating art for video games, you can even purchase a series of online game art tutorials.
- Inkscape is a vector graphics application. Use it to draw with shapes, lines, splines, and Bézier curves.
Your graphic doesn't have to be complex, and you can always go back and change it later. Once you have a background, add this code in the setup section of your file:
world = pygame.display.set_mode([worldx,worldy])
backdrop = pygame.image.load(os.path.join('images','stage.png'))
backdropbox = world.get_rect()If you're just going to fill the background of your game world with a color, all you need is:
world = pygame.display.set_mode([worldx, worldy])You also must define a color to use. In your setup section, create some color definitions using values for red, green, and blue (RGB).
'''
Variables
'''
BLUE = (25, 25, 200)
BLACK = (23, 23, 23)
WHITE = (254, 254, 254)Look out for errors
PyCharm is strict, and that's pretty typical for programming. Syntax is paramount! As you enter your code into PyCharm, you see warnings and errors. The warnings are yellow and the errors are red.
PyCharm can be over-zealous sometimes, though, so it's usually safe to ignore warnings. You may be violating the "Python style", but these are subtle conventions that you'll learn in time. Your code will still run as expected.
Errors, on the other hand, prevent your code (and sometimes PyCharm) from doing what you expect. For instance, PyCharm is very insistent that there's a newline character at the end of the last line of code, so you must press Enter or Return on your keyboard at the end of your code. If you don't, PyCharm quietly refuses to run your code.
Running the game
At this point, you could theoretically start your game. The problem is, it would only last for a millisecond.
To prove this, save and then run your game.
If you are using IDLE, run your game by selecting Run Module from the Run menu.
If you are using PyCharm, click the Run file button in the top right toolbar.
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You can also run a Python script straight from a Unix terminal or a Windows command prompt, as long as you're in your virtual environment.
However you launch it, don't expect much, because your game only lasts a few milliseconds right now. You can fix that in the next section.
Looping
Unless told otherwise, a Python script runs once and only once. Computers are very fast these days, so your Python script runs in less than a second.
To force your game to stay open and active long enough for someone to see it (let alone play it), use a while loop. To make your game remain open, you can set a variable to some value, then tell a while loop to keep looping for as long as the variable remains unchanged.
This is often called a "main loop," and you can use the term main as your variable. Add this anywhere in your Variables section:
main = TrueDuring the main loop, use Pygame keywords to detect if keys on the keyboard have been pressed or released. Add this to your main loop section:
'''
Main loop
'''
while main:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
pygame.quit()
try:
sys.exit()
finally:
main = False
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == ord('q'):
pygame.quit()
try:
sys.exit()
finally:
main = False
Be sure to press Enter or Return after the final line of your code so there's an empty line at the bottom of your file.
Also in your main loop, refresh your world's background.
If you are using an image for the background:
world.blit(backdrop, backdropbox)If you are using a color for the background:
world.fill(BLUE)Finally, tell Pygame to refresh everything on the screen and advance the game's internal clock.
pygame.display.flip()
clock.tick(fps)Save your file, and run it again to see the most boring game ever created.
To quit the game, press q on your keyboard.
Freeze your Python environment
PyCharm is managing your code libraries, but your users aren't going to run your game from PyCharm. Just as you save your code file, you also need to preserve your virtual environment.
Go to the Tools menu and select Sync Python Requirements. This saves your library dependencies to a special file called requirements.txt. The first time you sync your requirements, PyCharm prompts you to install a plugin and to add dependencies. Click to accept these offers.
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A requirements.txt is generated for you, and placed into your project directory.
Code
Here's what your code should look like so far:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# by Seth Kenlon
# GPLv3
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
# License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
# General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
import pygame
import sys
import os
'''
Variables
'''
worldx = 960
worldy = 720
fps = 40 # frame rate
ani = 4 # animation cycles
main = True
BLUE = (25, 25, 200)
BLACK = (23, 23, 23)
WHITE = (254, 254, 254)
'''
Objects
'''
# put Python classes and functions here
'''
Setup
'''
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
pygame.init()
world = pygame.display.set_mode([worldx, worldy])
backdrop = pygame.image.load(os.path.join('images', 'stage.png'))
backdropbox = world.get_rect()
'''
Main Loop
'''
while main:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
pygame.quit()
try:
sys.exit()
finally:
main = False
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == ord('q'):
pygame.quit()
try:
sys.exit()
finally:
main = False
world.blit(backdrop, backdropbox)
pygame.display.flip()
clock.tick(fps)What to do next
In the next article of this series, I'll show you how to add to your currently empty game world, so start creating or finding some graphics to use!
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